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<h1 class="post-title"><a href="https://blog.dich.bid/linux-1-command/">Linux-命令行操控</a></h1>
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2023-07-20
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<span class="post-tags-inline">
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:: tags:
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<a class="post-tag" href="https://blog.dich.bid/tags/linux/">#Linux</a></span>
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<div class="post-content">
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<p>前言 本文基于常见发行版（systemd + NetworkManager + PipeWire/ PulseAudio / ALSA）,目标是把常见的桌面/笔记本硬件（Wi-Fi、蓝牙、亮度、音量）通过命令行可复现、可理解地组织起来。</p>
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<span id="continue-reading"></span><h1 id="wifi-kong-zhi">Wifi 控制</h1>
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<p>现代桌面大多使用 NetworkManager 管理网络，<code>nmcli</code> 是其命令行接口。<code>nmcli</code> 能列出可用网络、连接/断开、创建配置文件（包括 WPA/WPA2/PSK、enterprise）等。相比直接编辑 wpa_supplicant 配置，<code>nmcli</code> 更安全、统一，能与 GUI 保持一致。</p>
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<h3 id="chang-yong-ming-ling">常用命令</h3>
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<p>列出接口及设备状态：</p>
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<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">nmcli</span><span> device status
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</span></code></pre>
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<p>列出附近 Wi-Fi（SSID、信号强度、安全类型）：</p>
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<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">nmcli</span><span> device wifi list
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</span></code></pre>
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<p>交互式连接（会提示输入密码）：</p>
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<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">nmcli</span><span> device wifi connect </span><span style="color:#556633;">"</span><span style="color:#99ad6a;">wifi-2.4G</span><span style="color:#556633;">"</span><span style="color:#ffb964;"> --ask
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</span></code></pre>
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<p>不交互式连接（将密码放在命令里 — 注意安全风险）：</p>
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<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">nmcli</span><span> device wifi connect </span><span style="color:#556633;">"</span><span style="color:#99ad6a;">wifi-2.4G</span><span style="color:#556633;">"</span><span> password </span><span style="color:#556633;">"</span><span style="color:#99ad6a;">your_password</span><span style="color:#556633;">"
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</span></code></pre>
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<p>基于已有配置文件连接（例如创建一个保存的 connection 名称）：</p>
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<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#888888;"># 创建连接（自动选择设备）
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</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">nmcli</span><span> connection add type wifi ifname wlan0 con-name my-home ssid </span><span style="color:#556633;">"</span><span style="color:#99ad6a;">wifi-2.4G</span><span style="color:#556633;">" </span><span>\
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</span><span> wifi-sec.key-mgmt wpa-psk wifi-sec.psk </span><span style="color:#556633;">"</span><span style="color:#99ad6a;">your_password</span><span style="color:#556633;">"
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</span><span>
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</span><span style="color:#888888;"># 启用连接
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</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">nmcli</span><span> connection up my-home
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</span></code></pre>
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<p>断开或禁用接口：</p>
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<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#888888;"># 断开当前连接
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</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">nmcli</span><span> device disconnect wlan0
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</span><span>
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</span><span style="color:#888888;"># 禁用设备（软禁用）
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</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">nmcli</span><span> device set wlan0 managed no
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</span></code></pre>
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<p>查看连接详情：</p>
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<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">nmcli -f</span><span> all connection show my-home
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</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">nmcli</span><span> device show wlan0
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</span></code></pre>
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<hr />
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<h1 id="lan-ya-kong-zhi">蓝牙控制</h1>
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<p>Linux 上常见蓝牙栈为 BlueZ（蓝牙守护 <code>bluetoothd</code>），<code>bluetoothctl</code> 提供交互式 CLI。音频设备通常通过 BlueZ + PulseAudio（或 PipeWire）进行音频路由；配对/信任步骤必须完成才能稳定连接音频/键盘/鼠标等设备。</p>
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<h3 id="yi-lan-ya-fu-wu-yu-mo-kuai-qi-yong-jin-yong">一、蓝牙服务与模块启用/禁用</h3>
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<p>启用蓝牙服务（systemd）：</p>
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<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">sudo</span><span> systemctl enable</span><span style="color:#ffb964;"> --now</span><span> bluetooth.service
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</span></code></pre>
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<p>打开蓝牙适配器电源：</p>
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<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">bluetoothctl</span><span> power on
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</span></code></pre>
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<p>打开配对代理（用于交互式配对）并设置为默认：</p>
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<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">bluetoothctl</span><span> agent on
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</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">bluetoothctl</span><span> default-agent
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</span></code></pre>
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<p>开启可发现（让其它设备能扫描到）：</p>
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<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">bluetoothctl</span><span> discoverable on
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</span></code></pre>
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<p>重启蓝牙服务（排错常用）：</p>
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<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">sudo</span><span> systemctl restart bluetooth
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</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">sudo</span><span> journalctl</span><span style="color:#ffb964;"> -u</span><span> bluetooth</span><span style="color:#ffb964;"> -f
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</span></code></pre>
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<blockquote>
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<p>注意：某些发行版在使用 PipeWire 做音频时还需要 <code>pipewire</code> / <code>wireplumber</code> 正确运行，否则音频通道（A2DP/HFP）无法建立。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h3 id="er-cha-kan-she-bei-yu-zhuang-tai">二、查看设备与状态</h3>
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<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#888888;"># 列出本机所有蓝牙适配器
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</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">bluetoothctl</span><span> list
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</span><span>
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</span><span style="color:#888888;"># 查看本地适配器详细状态
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</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">bluetoothctl</span><span> show
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</span><span>
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</span><span style="color:#888888;"># 查看已配对设备
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</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">bluetoothctl</span><span> paired-devices
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</span><span>
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</span><span style="color:#888888;"># 查看某个设备详情（包括 UUID、已连接服务）
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</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">bluetoothctl</span><span> info AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF
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</span></code></pre>
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<h3 id="san-jiao-hu-shi-pei-dui-yu-lian-jie">三、交互式配对与连接</h3>
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<p>交互式步骤（在 <code>bluetoothctl</code> 提示符下）：</p>
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<pre data-lang="text" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-text "><code class="language-text" data-lang="text"><span>$ bluetoothctl
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</span><span>[bluetooth]# power on
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</span><span>[bluetooth]# agent on
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</span><span>[bluetooth]# default-agent
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</span><span>[bluetooth]# scan on
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</span><span># 等待几秒，看到目标设备（并记录 MAC）
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</span><span>[bluetooth]# pair AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF
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</span><span># 如果是需要 PIN 的设备，会提示配对码；确认或输入即可
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</span><span>[bluetooth]# trust AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF # 使系统信任设备（开机后自动连接）
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</span><span>[bluetooth]# connect AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF
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</span><span>[bluetooth]# exit
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</span></code></pre>
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<h3 id="si-duan-kai-yu-shan-chu-she-bei">四、断开与删除设备</h3>
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<p>断开连接：</p>
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<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">bluetoothctl</span><span> disconnect AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF
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</span></code></pre>
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<p>删除配对信息（“忘记设备”）：</p>
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<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">bluetoothctl</span><span> remove AA:BB:CC:DD:EE:FF
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</span></code></pre>
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<h3 id="wu-lan-ya-ruan-ying-feng-suo">五、蓝牙软/硬封锁</h3>
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<p>查看封锁状态：</p>
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<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">rfkill</span><span> list bluetooth
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</span></code></pre>
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<p>封锁（禁用）：</p>
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<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">sudo</span><span> rfkill block bluetooth
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</span></code></pre>
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<p>解封（启用）：</p>
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<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">sudo</span><span> rfkill unblock bluetooth
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</span></code></pre>
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<p>如果设备被<strong>硬封锁</strong>（硬件开关），软件方法无效，需要物理开关或 BIOS 设置。</p>
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<h3 id="liu-yin-pin-shu-chu-qie-huan">六、音频输出切换</h3>
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<ul>
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<li>现代发行版多用 PipeWire 替代 PulseAudio，但 PipeWire 提供兼容接口，因此 <code>pactl</code>（PulseAudio 控制工具）在很多系统仍然可用。</li>
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<li>蓝牙设备会在连接后生成类似 <code>bluez_output.XX_XX_XX_XX_XX_XX.a2dp_sink</code> 的 sink 名称；有时名称会略有差异，建议先查询。</li>
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</ul>
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<p>列出 sinks（输出设备）：</p>
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<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">pactl</span><span> list short sinks
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</span></code></pre>
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<p>设置默认输出为蓝牙耳机（示例）：</p>
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<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">pactl</span><span> set-default-sink bluez_output.XX_XX_XX_XX_XX_XX.a2dp_sink
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</span></code></pre>
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<p>把当前正在播放的流移动到蓝牙设备：</p>
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<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">pactl</span><span> list short sink-inputs </span><span style="color:#888888;"># 找到输入编号
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</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">pactl</span><span> move-sink-input <输入编号> bluez_output.XX_XX_XX_XX_XX_XX.a2dp_sink
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</span></code></pre>
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<p>如果使用 PipeWire，遇到连接但没有声音的问题：</p>
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<ul>
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<li>确保 <code>wireplumber</code> 或 <code>pipewire-media-session</code> 正常运行。</li>
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<li>检查 profile（A2DP vs HFP）：A2DP 提供高音质但不可通话，HFP 可通话但质量较低。可通过 <code>pactl list cards</code> / <code>pactl set-card-profile</code> 调整。</li>
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</ul>
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<hr />
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<h1 id="liang-du-kong-zhi">亮度控制</h1>
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<p>笔记本屏幕亮度通常由内核暴露的 SysFS 接口 <code>/sys/class/backlight/*/brightness</code> 提供，写入该文件需要 root 权限或合适的权限（udev 规则）。桌面显示器、USB 显卡或 Wayland（特别是 wlroots）环境可能不会使用该接口，需要使用专门工具（如 <code>light</code>、<code>brightnessctl</code>、或 DE/Compositor 提供的接口）。</p>
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<h3 id="yi-sysfs-duo-shu-bi-ji-ben-gua-yong">一、SysFS（多数笔记本适用）</h3>
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<p>查看最大亮度值与当前亮度：</p>
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<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">cat</span><span> /sys/class/backlight/*/max_brightness
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</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">cat</span><span> /sys/class/backlight/*/brightness
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</span></code></pre>
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<p>设置亮度（需要 root）：</p>
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<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#888888;"># 写入数值（0~max_brightness）
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||
</span><span>echo 5 | </span><span style="color:#ffb964;">sudo</span><span> tee /sys/class/backlight/*/brightness
|
||
</span><span>
|
||
</span><span style="color:#888888;"># 或者重定向（注意 sudo 的作用域）
|
||
</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">sudo</span><span> sh</span><span style="color:#ffb964;"> -c </span><span style="color:#556633;">'</span><span style="color:#99ad6a;">echo 5 > /sys/class/backlight/*/brightness</span><span style="color:#556633;">'
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>如果遇到 “权限被拒绝”：</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>使用 <code>sudo tee</code> 或 <code>sudo sh -c</code>；或添加 udev 规则给某个用户写权限。</li>
|
||
<li>在某些内核/驱动下，背光接口名称可能不同（<code>intel_backlight</code>、<code>amdgpu_bl0</code> 等）。</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<h3 id="er-brightnessctl">二、brightnessctl</h3>
|
||
<p><code>brightnessctl</code> 是一个用户友好、支持百分比与设备选择的工具。</p>
|
||
<p>安装：</p>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Debian/Ubuntu:</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">sudo</span><span> apt install brightnessctl
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>Arch:</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">sudo</span><span> pacman</span><span style="color:#ffb964;"> -S</span><span> brightnessctl
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>用法示例：</p>
|
||
<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">brightnessctl</span><span> info </span><span style="color:#888888;"># 显示当前设备信息
|
||
</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">brightnessctl</span><span> get </span><span style="color:#888888;"># 当前亮度
|
||
</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">brightnessctl</span><span> max </span><span style="color:#888888;"># 最大亮度
|
||
</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">brightnessctl</span><span> set +10% </span><span style="color:#888888;"># 增加 10%
|
||
</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">brightnessctl</span><span> set 50% </span><span style="color:#888888;"># 设为 50%
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<hr />
|
||
<h1 id="yin-liang-kong-zhi">音量控制</h1>
|
||
<p>Linux 下有几层音量控制：硬件（ALSA）、中间层（PulseAudio / PipeWire）、用户层（桌面音量控制器）。常用命令行工具：<code>pactl</code>（PulseAudio / PipeWire）、<code>pamixer</code>（PulseAudio 前端）、<code>amixer</code>（ALSA 原生）。</p>
|
||
<h3 id="yi-pactl-pulseaudio-pipewire">一、pactl（PulseAudio / PipeWire）</h3>
|
||
<p>查看 sinks：</p>
|
||
<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">pactl</span><span> list short sinks
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>查看默认 sink：</p>
|
||
<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">pactl</span><span> info | </span><span style="color:#ffb964;">grep </span><span style="color:#556633;">'</span><span style="color:#99ad6a;">Default Sink</span><span style="color:#556633;">'
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>设置默认音量：</p>
|
||
<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">pactl</span><span> set-sink-volume @DEFAULT_SINK@ 50%
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>增量调节：</p>
|
||
<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">pactl</span><span> set-sink-volume @DEFAULT_SINK@ +5%
|
||
</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">pactl</span><span> set-sink-volume @DEFAULT_SINK@</span><span style="color:#ffb964;"> -5</span><span>%
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>静音/取消静音/切换：</p>
|
||
<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">pactl</span><span> set-sink-mute @DEFAULT_SINK@ 1
|
||
</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">pactl</span><span> set-sink-mute @DEFAULT_SINK@ 0
|
||
</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">pactl</span><span> set-sink-mute @DEFAULT_SINK@ toggle
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>移动播放流（见蓝牙章节）：</p>
|
||
<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">pactl</span><span> list short sink-inputs
|
||
</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">pactl</span><span> move-sink-input <输入编号> <目标-sink>
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<h3 id="er-amixer-alsa">二、amixer（ALSA）</h3>
|
||
<p>列出通道与当前值：</p>
|
||
<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">amixer</span><span> sget Master
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>设置音量（绝对 / 相对）：</p>
|
||
<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">amixer</span><span> sset Master 50% </span><span style="color:#888888;"># 绝对值
|
||
</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">amixer</span><span> sset Master 5%</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">+ </span><span style="color:#888888;"># 增加
|
||
</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">amixer</span><span> sset Master 5%</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">- </span><span style="color:#888888;"># 减少
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>静音：</p>
|
||
<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">amixer</span><span> set Master mute
|
||
</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">amixer</span><span> set Master unmute
|
||
</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">amixer</span><span> set Master toggle
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p>当使用 PipeWire/PulseAudio 时，<code>amixer</code> 仍然可以操作底层硬件，但用户可听到的效果可能被上层音量（PulseWire/PulseAudio）覆盖。</p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<h3 id="san-pamixer-pulseaudio">三、pamixer（PulseAudio）</h3>
|
||
<p>简洁的命令行前端，适合脚本：</p>
|
||
<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">pamixer --get-volume
|
||
</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">pamixer --set-volume</span><span> 40
|
||
</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">pamixer --increase</span><span> 5
|
||
</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">pamixer --decrease</span><span> 5
|
||
</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">pamixer --toggle-mute
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<hr />
|
||
<p><strong>Done.</strong></p>
|
||
|
||
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