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<h1 class="post-title"><a href="https://blog.dich.bid/about-virtual/">乱七八糟:虚拟化常用设置与操作</a></h1>
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2024-08-16
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<span class="post-tags-inline">
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:: tags:
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<a class="post-tag" href="https://blog.dich.bid/tags/luan-qi-ba-zao/">#乱七八糟</a></span>
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<div class="post-content">
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<p>前言 本文记录常用虚拟化平台的使用与操作，包括Vmware，Hypr-v，QEMU等等。</p>
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<span id="continue-reading"></span><h1 id="yi-vmware">一.Vmware</h1>
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<h2 id="xia-zai">下载</h2>
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<p>Vmware最新版本对个人已经免费，不需要再寻找激活码；</p>
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<p>由于博通官网下载Vmware需要登录账号，这里给出第三方下载站链接：<a href="https://www.techspot.com/downloads/189-vmware-workstation-for-windows.html">techspot</a></p>
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<h2 id="an-zhuang-ubuntuxu-ni-ji">安装ubuntu虚拟机</h2>
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<p><strong>前期准备</strong></p>
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<ul>
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<li>下载 Ubuntu ISO 镜像</li>
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<li>确保你的主机支持虚拟化（Intel VT-x / AMD-V），并在 BIOS/UEFI 中启用</li>
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</ul>
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<p><strong>开始安装</strong></p>
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<ol>
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<li>启动 VMware → 选择 “Create a New Virtual Machine” 或 “新建虚拟机”。</li>
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<li>在安装来源 (Installer source) 页选择 “Installer disc image file (ISO)” → 浏览并选中你下载的 Ubuntu ISO 文件。</li>
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<li>在“Guest OS Family / 来宾操作系统类型”中选择 <strong>Linux</strong>。</li>
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<li>在 OS 版本中选择 “Ubuntu 64-bit” 或者 “Other Linux 64-bit”（如果没有明确 Ubuntu 选项）。</li>
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<li>给虚拟机起一个名字，例如 “Ubuntu-VM”。</li>
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<li>指定存放虚拟机文件 (.vmx, .vmdk 等) 的文件夹位置。默认位置在<code>C:\Users\<你的用户名>\Documents\Virtual Machines\<虚拟机名称>\</code>下.</li>
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<li>在磁盘设置部分设置虚拟磁盘大小，推荐 <strong>25-40 GB</strong>。选择把虚拟磁盘存为一个文件或拆分为多个文件，这两种方式各有优劣（一个文件通常略快些）。</li>
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<li>自定义硬件设置</li>
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</ol>
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<table><thead><tr><th>硬件</th><th>推荐配置 / 注意事项</th></tr></thead><tbody>
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<tr><td>CPU 核心数</td><td>2 或更多</td></tr>
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<tr><td>内存</td><td>至少 4 GB，若要流畅用 GNOME 桌面建议 8 GB</td></tr>
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<tr><td>显示适配</td><td>开启 3D 加速（如果 VMware 支持）</td></tr>
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<tr><td>硬盘控制器类型</td><td>通常 VMware 默认就行，SATA/SCSI，一般 Ubuntu 支持都不错</td></tr>
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<tr><td>网卡</td><td>使用 NAT 或桥接，根据是否要虚拟机直接在局域网中可访问来定</td></tr>
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</tbody></table>
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<ol start="9">
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<li>启动虚拟机并选择“Install Ubuntu”。</li>
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<li>安装 VMware Tools 或 Open-VM-Tools</li>
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</ol>
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<p>安装这些工具能增强体验，例如鼠标整合、屏幕分辨率自动调整、剪贴板共享等等。</p>
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<p>Ubuntu 的方式通常是用 <code>open-vm-tools</code> 包：</p>
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<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">sudo</span><span> apt update
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</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">sudo</span><span> apt install open-vm-tools-desktop
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</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">sudo</span><span> reboot
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</span></code></pre>
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<h3 id="faq">FAQ</h3>
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<ul>
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<li>屏幕分辨率不能拉大／全屏：安装 open-vm-tools + open-vm-tools-desktop；开启 3D 支持；在虚拟机设置里提升视频内存。</li>
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<li>虚拟机启动慢：给虚拟机分配更多 RAM／CPU；关闭不必要的服务；确保主机虚拟化支持开启。</li>
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<li>无法挂载 ISO 或虚拟光驱：检查虚拟机设置里 CD/DVD 光驱是否连接；ISO 文件是否损坏。</li>
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<li>时间不对同步差：安装 VMware 工具通常能解决时间同步；也可手动配置 NTP 服务。</li>
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<li>网络不通：检查虚拟机网卡类型；如果用 NAT，看主机网络；如果用桥接，看是否有权限或防火墙问题。</li>
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</ul>
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<h1 id="er-hyper-v">二.Hyper-V</h1>
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<p>Hyper-V 是微软内建的虚拟化平台（native hypervisor）。开启后，它会占用硬件虚拟化特性（Intel VT-x / AMD-V），这可能会和 VMware、VirtualBox 等第三方虚拟化软件冲突。</p>
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<h2 id="kai-qi-hyper-v">开启 Hyper-V</h2>
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<ul>
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<li>PowerShell（以管理员权限运行）：</li>
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</ul>
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<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">Enable-WindowsOptionalFeature -Online -FeatureName</span><span> Microsoft-Hyper-V</span><span style="color:#ffb964;"> -All
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</span></code></pre>
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<ul>
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<li>DISM（部署映像服务和管理工具）：</li>
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</ul>
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<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">DISM</span><span> /Online /Enable-Feature /All /FeatureName:Microsoft-Hyper-V
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</span></code></pre>
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<ul>
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<li>Windows 功能 GUI 操作：
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在<code>控制面板 → 程序和功能 → 启用或关闭 Windows 功能</code>中勾选 “Hyper-V”、 “Hyper-V 平台”、 “Hyper-V 管理工具” 等相关项目，然后按提示操作。</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="guan-bi-hyper-v">关闭 Hyper-V</h2>
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<ul>
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<li>PowerShell（管理员权限）：</li>
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</ul>
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<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">Disable-WindowsOptionalFeature -Online -FeatureName</span><span> Microsoft-Hyper-V-All
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</span></code></pre>
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<ul>
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<li>DISM：</li>
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</ul>
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<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">DISM</span><span> /Online /Disable-Feature:Microsoft-Hyper-V
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</span></code></pre>
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<ul>
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<li>用 bcdedit 修改启动配置，使系统启动时不加载 Hypervisor（Hyper-V 的虚拟化内核）但保留功能安装：</li>
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</ul>
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<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">bcdedit</span><span> /set hypervisorlaunchtype off
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</span></code></pre>
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<p>若要恢复加载，则：</p>
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<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">bcdedit</span><span> /set hypervisorlaunchtype auto
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</span></code></pre>
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<ul>
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<li>Windows 功能 GUI 中，取消勾选 Hyper-V 相应项。</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="shi-yong-fang-fa">使用方法</h2>
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<p>下面是几个典型的场景和命令：</p>
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<ol>
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<li><strong>给 VMware 或 VirtualBox 使用环境临时关闭 Hyper-V</strong></li>
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</ol>
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<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">bcdedit</span><span> /set hypervisorlaunchtype off
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</span></code></pre>
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<p>然后重启 Windows，就能让这些软件正常启动虚拟机。要还原 Hyper-V，改为 <code>auto</code> 或 <code>on</code>:</p>
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<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">bcdedit</span><span> /set hypervisorlaunchtype auto
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</span></code></pre>
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<ol start="2">
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<li><strong>从命令行完全关闭 Hyper-V 功能</strong></li>
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</ol>
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<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">Disable-WindowsOptionalFeature -Online -FeatureName</span><span> Microsoft-Hyper-V-All
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</span></code></pre>
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<p>或者用 DISM：</p>
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<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">DISM</span><span> /Online /Disable-Feature:Microsoft-Hyper-V
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</span></code></pre>
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<ol start="3">
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<li><strong>检查当前 Hyper-V 是否正在运行</strong></li>
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</ol>
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<ul>
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<li>用 <code>msinfo32.exe</code>（系统信息）看 “Hyper-V Requirements” 部分，或者在命令提示符／PowerShell 用 <code>systeminfo</code> 查看是否显示 “Hypervisor has been detected” 之类信息。</li>
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</ul>
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<ol start="4">
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<li><strong>用 GUI 控制 Windows 功能开关</strong></li>
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</ol>
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<ul>
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<li>打开 <code>控制面板 → 程序 → 启用或关闭 Windows 功能</code></li>
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<li>勾选 “Hyper-V” 及 Hyper-V 平台 / 虚拟机平台等</li>
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<li>点击确定，重启即可。</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="faq-1">FAQ</h2>
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<ul>
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<li>Windows 家庭版（Home）通常不提供完整的 Hyper-V 功能 GUI，但系统中某些虚拟化基于安全的功能（例如 VBS、Core Isolation / Memory Integrity）依然可能启用，这样也会表现为“Hyper-V 在运行”，建议更换到专业工作站版本。</li>
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<li>部分软件（如 Android 模拟器、BlueStacks 等）在检测到 Hyper-V 存在时性能可能受影响，关闭后可能解决问题。比如Steam游戏，安卓模拟器，HCL等等。</li>
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</ul>
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<h1 id="san-qemu">三.QEMU</h1>
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<h2 id="bei-fen">备份</h2>
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<p>QEMU安装的系统默认在此位置下，可以使用Root用户将其复制到其他位置并备份：</p>
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<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">[root@dos:/var/lib/libvirt/images]ls
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</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">ubuntu24.04-2.qcow2
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</span></code></pre>
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<h2 id="ge-shi-zhuan-huan">格式转换</h2>
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<p>QEMU默认使用qcow2格式，几乎可以转换为所有其他虚拟机格式；我们可以使用<code>qemu-img</code>（QEMU 提供的镜像管理工具）来创建、转换、检查、调整虚拟机磁盘镜像。</p>
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<p><strong>基本语法</strong>：</p>
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<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">qemu-img </span><span style="color:#8fbfdc;">[</span><span>command</span><span style="color:#8fbfdc;">] [</span><span>options</span><span style="color:#8fbfdc;">]</span><span> filename
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</span></code></pre>
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<p><strong>镜像格式转换命令大全</strong></p>
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<p><code>qemu-img convert -f <源格式> -O <目标格式> <源文件> <目标文件></code></p>
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<p><strong>常见虚拟机平台格式</strong>：</p>
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<table><thead><tr><th>平台/软件</th><th>格式</th><th>示例扩展名</th></tr></thead><tbody>
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<tr><td>QEMU/KVM</td><td>qcow2</td><td><code>.qcow2</code></td></tr>
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<tr><td>VirtualBox</td><td>vdi</td><td><code>.vdi</code></td></tr>
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<tr><td>VMware</td><td>vmdk</td><td><code>.vmdk</code></td></tr>
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<tr><td>Microsoft Hyper-V</td><td>vhd/vhdx</td><td><code>.vhd</code> / <code>.vhdx</code></td></tr>
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<tr><td>Xen</td><td>raw</td><td><code>.img</code></td></tr>
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</tbody></table>
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<ul>
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<li><code>raw ↔ qcow2</code></li>
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</ul>
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<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#888888;"># raw → qcow2
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</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">qemu-img</span><span> convert</span><span style="color:#ffb964;"> -f</span><span> raw</span><span style="color:#ffb964;"> -O</span><span> qcow2 disk.img disk.qcow2
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</span><span>
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</span><span style="color:#888888;"># qcow2 → raw
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</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">qemu-img</span><span> convert</span><span style="color:#ffb964;"> -f</span><span> qcow2</span><span style="color:#ffb964;"> -O</span><span> raw disk.qcow2 disk.img
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</span></code></pre>
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<ul>
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<li><code>qcow2 ↔ vdi (VirtualBox)</code></li>
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</ul>
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<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#888888;"># qcow2 → vdi
|
||
</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">qemu-img</span><span> convert</span><span style="color:#ffb964;"> -f</span><span> qcow2</span><span style="color:#ffb964;"> -O</span><span> vdi disk.qcow2 disk.vdi
|
||
</span><span>
|
||
</span><span style="color:#888888;"># vdi → qcow2
|
||
</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">qemu-img</span><span> convert</span><span style="color:#ffb964;"> -f</span><span> vdi</span><span style="color:#ffb964;"> -O</span><span> qcow2 disk.vdi disk.qcow2
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>qcow2 ↔ vmdk (VMware)</code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#888888;"># qcow2 → vmdk
|
||
</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">qemu-img</span><span> convert</span><span style="color:#ffb964;"> -f</span><span> qcow2</span><span style="color:#ffb964;"> -O</span><span> vmdk disk.qcow2 disk.vmdk
|
||
</span><span>
|
||
</span><span style="color:#888888;"># vmdk → qcow2
|
||
</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">qemu-img</span><span> convert</span><span style="color:#ffb964;"> -f</span><span> vmdk</span><span style="color:#ffb964;"> -O</span><span> qcow2 disk.vmdk disk.qcow2
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>qcow2 ↔ vhd/vhdx (Hyper-V)</code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#888888;"># qcow2 → vhdx
|
||
</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">qemu-img</span><span> convert</span><span style="color:#ffb964;"> -f</span><span> qcow2</span><span style="color:#ffb964;"> -O</span><span> vhdx disk.qcow2 disk.vhdx
|
||
</span><span>
|
||
</span><span style="color:#888888;"># vhdx → qcow2
|
||
</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">qemu-img</span><span> convert</span><span style="color:#ffb964;"> -f</span><span> vhdx</span><span style="color:#ffb964;"> -O</span><span> qcow2 disk.vhdx disk.qcow2
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li><code>raw ↔ vdi/vmdk/vhdx</code></li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#888888;"># raw → vdi
|
||
</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">qemu-img</span><span> convert</span><span style="color:#ffb964;"> -f</span><span> raw</span><span style="color:#ffb964;"> -O</span><span> vdi disk.img disk.vdi
|
||
</span><span>
|
||
</span><span style="color:#888888;"># raw → vmdk
|
||
</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">qemu-img</span><span> convert</span><span style="color:#ffb964;"> -f</span><span> raw</span><span style="color:#ffb964;"> -O</span><span> vmdk disk.img disk.vmdk
|
||
</span><span>
|
||
</span><span style="color:#888888;"># raw → vhdx
|
||
</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">qemu-img</span><span> convert</span><span style="color:#ffb964;"> -f</span><span> raw</span><span style="color:#ffb964;"> -O</span><span> vhdx disk.img disk.vhdx
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<h2 id="kuo-zhan">扩展</h2>
|
||
<ol>
|
||
<li>扩展大小</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>virsh domblklist <虚拟机名字>
|
||
</span><span>Target Source
|
||
</span><span>vda /var/lib/libvirt/images/ubuntu-24-04.qcow2
|
||
</span><span>
|
||
</span><span>qemu-img resize /var/lib/libvirt/images/ubuntu-24-04.qcow2 +20G
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<ol start="2">
|
||
<li>查看磁盘情况：</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">lsblk
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<ol start="3">
|
||
<li>如果是单分区系统（ext4）：</li>
|
||
</ol>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>安装工具：</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">sudo</span><span> nix-env</span><span style="color:#ffb964;"> -iA</span><span> nixos.cloud-utils </span><span style="color:#888888;"># 提供 growpart
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>扩展分区：</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">sudo</span><span> growpart /dev/vda 1
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>扩展文件系统：</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<p>ext4：</p>
|
||
<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">sudo</span><span> resize2fs /dev/vda1
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>xfs：</p>
|
||
<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">sudo</span><span> xfs_growfs /
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<h2 id="ya-suo">压缩</h2>
|
||
<p>有时候我们需要备份QEMU的镜像，但是镜像大小非常庞大，可以对其进行压缩。</p>
|
||
<p>首先在虚拟机里（以Ubuntu为例）执行：</p>
|
||
<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">sudo</span><span> apt clean
|
||
</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">sudo</span><span> rm</span><span style="color:#ffb964;"> -rf</span><span> /var/log/*log /var/log/journal/* </span><span style="color:#888888;"># 清理日志
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>然后填充空闲空间：</p>
|
||
<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">sudo</span><span> dd if=/dev/zero of=/zero.fill bs=1M || </span><span style="color:#ffb964;">true
|
||
</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">sudo</span><span> sync
|
||
</span><span style="color:#ffb964;">sudo</span><span> rm</span><span style="color:#ffb964;"> -f</span><span> /zero.fill
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>随后关闭虚拟机，在宿主机上使用 <code>qemu-img</code> 压缩：</p>
|
||
<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">qemu-img</span><span> convert</span><span style="color:#ffb964;"> -O</span><span> qcow2 ubuntu24.04-2.qcow2 ubuntu24.04-2-compressed.qcow2
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>可选：加上 <code>-c</code> 开启压缩：</p>
|
||
<pre data-lang="bash" style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;" class="language-bash "><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span style="color:#ffb964;">qemu-img</span><span> convert</span><span style="color:#ffb964;"> -O</span><span> qcow2</span><span style="color:#ffb964;"> -c</span><span> ubuntu24.04-2.qcow2 ubuntu24.04-2-compressed.qcow2
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p><strong>不要直接删除原始文件</strong>，先确认新文件能正常启动。如果你的 qcow2 镜像是直接被写满了（比如里面确实存了很多真实数据），那即使压缩也不会小太多。如果镜像内部用了 LVM，还可以在 LVM 里使用sudo fstrim -av进行fstrim.</p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<hr />
|
||
<p><strong>Done.</strong></p>
|
||
|
||
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|
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