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<h1 class="post-title"><a href="https://blog.dich.bid/windows-all/">Windows系列(2):安装与环境配置</a></h1>
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2024-05-25
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<span class="post-tags-inline">
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:: tags:
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<a class="post-tag" href="https://blog.dich.bid/tags/windows/">#Windows</a></span>
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<div class="post-content">
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<p>前言 由于厂商默认安装windows家庭版导致各种问题频发,这里对 widnows 安装做一个总结,以及附上我个人的windows配置。</p>
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<span id="continue-reading"></span>
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<blockquote>
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<p>从官方安装:从<a href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/software-download/windows11">微软官网</a>下载镜像或<a href="https://massgrave.dev/genuine-installation-media">MAS镜像站</a>下载。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>从Dichos安装,参考<a href="https://blog.dich.bid/windows-iso/">乱七八糟:Windows封装与全自动安装</a>;</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>二者都基于专业工作站版本,区别在于Dichos通过预应答文件和封装完成了许多设置与优化。Windows最新版本往往Bug比较多,推荐用上一版本;如最新版本为24H2,则推荐使用23H2.</p>
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</blockquote>
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<p><strong>大版本分类</strong></p>
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<table><thead><tr><th>分类</th><th>消费者版(Consumer)</th><th>商务版(Business)</th><th>物联网版(IoT)</th><th>长期服务版(LTSC)</th></tr></thead><tbody>
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<tr><td><strong>目标用户</strong></td><td>家庭用户、个人消费者</td><td>企业、机构、教育用户</td><td>嵌入式设备、工业控制、POS、医疗设备等</td><td>关键任务系统、长期稳定运行的设备</td></tr>
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<tr><td><strong>主要版本</strong></td><td>Windows Home、Home Single Language、Education</td><td>Windows Professional、Enterprise、Education</td><td>Windows IoT Core、IoT Enterprise、IoT Enterprise LTSC</td><td>Windows Enterprise LTSC、IoT Enterprise LTSC</td></tr>
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<tr><td><strong>预装应用</strong></td><td>包含 Microsoft Store、娱乐和社交类应用</td><td>精简部分消费类应用,保留企业管理工具</td><td>极度精简,移除大部分消费类应用</td><td>移除 Microsoft Store、Cortana 等非必要功能</td></tr>
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<tr><td><strong>更新策略</strong></td><td>定期推送功能和安全更新</td><td>可由企业控制更新策略,支持延迟功能更新</td><td>可选择常规更新或 LTSC 版本,更新策略灵活</td><td>仅推送安全补丁和关键修复,无新功能更新</td></tr>
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<tr><td><strong>支持周期</strong></td><td>通常为 18 个月</td><td>通常为 18~30 个月,取决于版本和配置</td><td>IoT Enterprise LTSC 支持周期可达 10~15 年</td><td>通常为 5 年主流支持 + 5 年扩展支持,共 10 年</td></tr>
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<tr><td><strong>授权方式</strong></td><td>零售授权,需在线激活</td><td>批量许可(Volume Licensing)、OEM 授权</td><td>OEM 授权,适用于特定硬件设备</td><td>批量许可,适用于特定行业和关键任务设备</td></tr>
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<tr><td><strong>适用场景</strong></td><td>日常办公、娱乐、学习</td><td>企业办公、教育机构、专业工作站</td><td>工业自动化、零售终端、医疗设备等嵌入式系统</td><td>医疗设备、金融终端、工业控制系统等需长期稳定运行的环境</td></tr>
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</tbody></table>
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<blockquote>
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<p>安装完成后的优化:</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h2 id="yi-she-bei-ji"><strong>一.设备级:</strong></h2>
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<ul>
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<li>关闭 BIOS 安全启动,快速启动</li>
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<li>解锁 BitLocker</li>
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<li>删除 OEM 分区,恢复简洁的设备分区</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="er-xi-tong-ji"><strong>二.系统级:</strong></h2>
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<ul>
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<li>家庭版升级为专业工作站版</li>
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<li>将用户名改为非中文</li>
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<li>退出云端账号,杀死家庭组策略</li>
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<li>激活 Windows 与 MS office</li>
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<li>停止自动更新并恢复单级菜单</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="san-qu-dong-ji"><strong>三.驱动级:</strong></h2>
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<p>驱动的安装没有集成在Dichos中,而是作为手动安装的一部分避免出错。如自带系统有驱动包,先进系统拿出然后再安装新系统;一般来说,包括:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>主板驱动和CPU驱动;</li>
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<li>显卡驱动(独显/核显);</li>
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<li>Wifi网卡驱动和蓝牙驱动;</li>
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<li>声卡驱动;</li>
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<li>硬盘驱动(较少见);</li>
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<li>Fn快捷键驱动(厂商自带);</li>
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<li>笔记本自带的其他某某中心/管家(不建议使用)</li>
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</ul>
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<p>而根据来源,又可以分为<code>公版/通用驱动</code>和<code>笔记本厂商特调/专用驱动</code>,一般而言装公版驱动即可,保持通用性;如果你是重度游戏玩家则可以考虑特调驱动。</p>
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<p><strong>常用驱动下载网站</strong>:</p>
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<table><thead><tr><th>分类</th><th>名称</th><th>下载</th></tr></thead><tbody>
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<tr><td>综合</td><td>驱动天空</td><td><a href="https://www.drvsky.com/">链接</a></td></tr>
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<tr><td>厂商</td><td>吾空</td><td><a href="http://www.wooking.com.cn/drives">链接</a></td></tr>
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<tr><td>厂商</td><td>华硕</td><td><a href="https://www.asus.com.cn/support/download-center/">链接</a></td></tr>
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<tr><td>厂商</td><td>联想</td><td><a href="https://newsupport.lenovo.com.cn/driveDownloads_index.html">链接</a></td></tr>
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<tr><td>三大件</td><td>AMD</td><td><a href="https://www.amd.com/en/support/download/drivers.html">链接</a></td></tr>
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<tr><td>三大件</td><td>Intel</td><td><a href="https://www.intel.cn/content/www/cn/zh/support/detect.html">链接</a></td></tr>
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<tr><td>三大件</td><td>NVIDIA</td><td><a href="https://www.nvidia.cn/geforce/drivers/">链接</a></td></tr>
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</tbody></table>
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<h2 id="si-ruan-jian-ji"><strong>四.软件级:</strong></h2>
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<ul>
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<li>删除自带牛马以及不必要的管家类软件.</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="ruan-jian">软件</h2>
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<ul>
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<li><strong>AI</strong>: <a href="https://github.com/nomic-ai/gpt4all">GPT4All</a></li>
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<li><strong>截图</strong>: <a href="https://github.com/ShareX/ShareX">ShareX</a></li>
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<li><strong>绘画</strong>: <a href="https://github.com/KDE/krita">Krita</a></li>
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<li><strong>办公</strong>: <a href="https://github.com/YerongAI/Office-Tool">Microsoft Office</a></li>
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<li><strong>PDF</strong>: <a href="https://github.com/Stirling-Tools/Stirling-PDF">Stirling-PDF</a></li>
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<li><strong>游戏</strong>: <a href="https://store.steampowered.com/">Steam</a></li>
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<li><strong>抓包</strong>: <a href="https://www.wireshark.org/download.html">Wireshark</a></li>
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<li><strong>启动器</strong>: <a href="https://github.com/Flow-Launcher/Flow.Launcher">Flow.Launcher</a></li>
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<li><strong>输入法</strong>: <a href="https://rime.im/download/">Rime</a></li>
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<li><strong>浏览器</strong>: <a href="https://github.com/Floorp-Projects/Floorp">Floorp</a> / <a href="https://www.google.com/chrome/">Chrome</a></li>
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<li><strong>编辑器</strong>: <a href="https://github.com/VSCodium/vscodium">VSCodium</a></li>
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<li><strong>虚拟机</strong>: Hyper‑V</li>
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<li><strong>科学上网</strong>: <a href="https://github.com/GUI-for-Cores/GUI.for.SingBox">GFS</a></li>
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<li><strong>书籍阅读</strong>: <a href="https://github.com/readest/readest">Readest</a></li>
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<li><strong>内网互传</strong>: <a href="https://github.com/localsend/localsend">LocalSend</a></li>
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<li><strong>文件同步</strong>: <a href="https://github.com/syncthing/syncthing">Syncthing</a></li>
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<li><strong>屏幕录制</strong>: <a href="https://github.com/obsproject/obs-studio">OBS Studio</a></li>
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<li><strong>手机投屏</strong>: <a href="https://github.com/barry-ran/QtScrcpy">QtScrcpy</a></li>
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<li><strong>包管理</strong>: <a href="https://github.com/marticliment/UniGetUI">UniGetUI</a></li>
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<li><strong>软件卸载</strong>: <a href="https://geekuninstaller.com/download">Geek Uninstaller</a></li>
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<li><strong>显示器亮度</strong>: <a href="https://github.com/xanderfrangos/twinkle-tray">Twinkle Tray</a></li>
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<li><strong>系统工具</strong>: <a href="https://github.com/Chuyu-Team/Dism-Multi-language">Dism++</a> / <a href="https://www.ntlite.com/">NTLite</a></li>
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<li><strong>综合工具</strong>: <a href="https://www.tbtool.cn/">图吧工具箱</a></li>
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<li><strong>文件搜索</strong>: <a href="https://www.voidtools.com/zh-cn/">Everything</a></li>
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<li><strong>磁盘工具</strong>: <a href="https://www.diskgenius.cn/">DiskGenius</a></li>
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<li><strong>密码管理器</strong>: <a href="https://github.com/keepassxreboot/keepassxc">KeePassXC</a></li>
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<li><strong>终端/SSH</strong>: <a href="https://github.com/electerm/electerm">Electerm</a></li>
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</ul>
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<blockquote>
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<p>这里说一下Rime输入法在Windows端叫小狼毫,输入方案用的是<a href="https://github.com/iDvel/rime-ice?tab=readme-ov-file">雾凇拼音</a> ,在<code>获取更多输入方案</code>中命令行输入<code>iDvel/rime-ice:others/recipes/full</code>安装。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<blockquote>
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<p>传统意义上的三大件包括浏览器,编辑器以及密码管理器。</p>
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</blockquote>
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<h2 id="wu-she-zhi-ji"><strong>五.设置级</strong></h2>
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<ul>
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<li>设置简洁高效的浏览器</li>
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<li>优化桌面布局与任务栏布局</li>
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<li>关闭开机自启软件</li>
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<li>关闭 Windows Defender 等烦人的通知</li>
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</ul>
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<h2 id="liu-ce-shi-ji-ke-xuan"><strong>六.测试级(可选)</strong></h2>
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<ul>
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<li>查看PC型号与配置是否相同</li>
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<li>测试GPU/CPU/硬盘速率与使用时间</li>
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<li>屏幕坏点/喇叭/蓝牙检测</li>
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<li>网络测速</li>
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</ul>
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<hr />
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<h2 id="kai-fa-huan-jing">开发环境</h2>
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<h3 id="da-jian-xu-ni-ji-huan-jing">搭建虚拟机环境</h3>
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<ul>
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<li>Hyper-V</li>
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</ul>
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<p>在 BIOS 中找到类似<code>Intel VT-x”、“AMD-V”或“Virtualization Technology</code>的选项,确保它是“Enabled”(启用)。随后按下 Win + S,输入“打开或关闭 Windows 功能”,在弹出的窗口中,找到 Hyper-V并启用,重启后即可出现。</p>
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<ul>
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<li>VMware</li>
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</ul>
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<p>首先下载 <a href="https://www.423down.com/14542.html">Vmware</a>,随后安装并<a href="https://www.ypojie.com/6066.html">激活</a>,然后提前下载好所需系统的镜像,这里推荐<a href="https://help.mirrorz.org/">整合镜像站</a>,并在Vmware中启动。</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Virtulbox</li>
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</ul>
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<p>直接到<a href="https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads">官网</a>下载并安装。</p>
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<ul>
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<li>WSL</li>
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</ul>
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<p>在<code>控制面板->程序->启用或关闭Windows功能</code>,选中适用于Linux的Windows子系统和虚拟机平台,待安装完成后重启电脑。</p>
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<p>然后,在<code>管理员模式下打开 PowerShell 或 Windows 命令提示符</code>,方法是右键单击并选择“以管理员身份运行”,输入以下命令,然后重启计算机。</p>
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<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>wsl --install
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</span></code></pre>
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<p>此命令将启用运行 WSL 并安装 Linux 的 Ubuntu 发行版所需的功能。(可以更改此默认发行版)。</p>
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<blockquote>
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<p>使用 qemu-img 进行各种虚拟机格式转换</p>
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</blockquote>
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<ul>
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<li>qcow2 转 vmdk(VMware)</li>
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</ul>
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<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>qemu-img convert -f qcow2 -O vmdk input.qcow2 output.vmdk
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</span></code></pre>
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<ul>
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<li>qcow2 转 vdi(VirtualBox)</li>
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</ul>
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<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>qemu-img convert -f qcow2 -O vdi input.qcow2 output.vdi
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</span></code></pre>
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<ul>
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<li>qcow2 转 vhdx(新版 Hyper-V)</li>
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</ul>
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<p>目前 qemu-img 不能直接输出 vhdx,但你可以先转成 vhd,再用微软工具(如 Convert-VHD)转换为 vhdx:</p>
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<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>Convert-VHD -Path "output.vhd" -DestinationPath "output.vhdx" -VHDType Dynamic
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</span></code></pre>
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<ul>
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<li>vmdk转vhdx</li>
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||
</ul>
|
||
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>qemu-img convert -f vmdk -O vhdx input.vmdk output.vhdx
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<ul>
|
||
<li>vhd转vhdx
|
||
在 PowerShell 中执行以下命令:</li>
|
||
</ul>
|
||
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>Convert-VHD -Path "C:\路径\源文件.vhd" -DestinationPath "C:\路径\目标文件.vhdx" -VHDType Dynamic
|
||
</span><span>
|
||
</span><span># -Path:指定原始 VHD 文件的路径。
|
||
</span><span># -DestinationPath:指定转换后 VHDX 文件的保存路径。
|
||
</span><span># -VHDType:指定磁盘类型,可选值为 Fixed(固定大小)或 Dynamic(动态扩展)。
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<p>请确保虚拟机已关闭,并且 PowerShell 以管理员权限运行。</p>
|
||
<blockquote>
|
||
<p>Vscode SSH 连接</p>
|
||
</blockquote>
|
||
<p>使用<code>Open Remote - SSH</code>插件,需要创建.ssh文件夹;Windows中在<code>C://users//username//</code>路径下。</p>
|
||
<p>随后使用插件新建一个连接,如:</p>
|
||
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>Host myserver
|
||
</span><span> HostName 192.168.1.100
|
||
</span><span> User your_username
|
||
</span></code></pre>
|
||
<hr />
|
||
<p><strong>Done.</strong></p>
|
||
|
||
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|
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