+++ title = "Linux-STM32开发环境部署" date = 2025-07-20 [taxonomies] tags = ["Linux"] +++ 前言 本文记录STM32命令行开发环境在Linux上的部署，用以替代Windows上的RT-Thread-studio。RT-Thread-studio同样是开源 软件，但目前没有Nixos上的打包。 ## 依赖包 - **Ubuntu** 以ubuntu24.04为例，首先安装这些包，包括连接工具，工具链和调试器等等。 ```shell sudo apt update sudo apt install -y git python3 scons openocd stlink-tools gcc-arm-none-eabi gdb-multiarch ``` - **Nixos** 虽然Nixos上没有RT-Thread-studio这个包，但是可以用flake.nix很方便的搭建一个开发环境： ```nix { description = "STM32 && RT-Thread development environment"; inputs.nixpkgs.url = "github:NixOS/nixpkgs/nixpkgs-unstable"; outputs = { self, nixpkgs }: let supportedSystems = [ "x86_64-linux" "aarch64-linux" ]; forEachSupportedSystem = f: nixpkgs.lib.genAttrs supportedSystems (system: f { pkgs = import nixpkgs { inherit self system; }; }); in { devShells = forEachSupportedSystem ({ pkgs }: { default = pkgs.mkShell { packages = with pkgs; [ python312 scons openocd stlink stlink-tool gcc-arm-embedded picocom renode-bin ]; }; }); }; } ``` ## 源码 随后使用Git拉取项目源码： ```shell git clone https://github.com/RT-Thread-Studio/sdk-bsp-stm32f407-spark.git ``` ## ENV工具 使用Git拉取RT-Thread配套的linux开发环境，并添加Shell变量。 ```shell # 克隆仓库 git clone https://github.com/RT-Thread/env.git ~/env # 将 ~/env 添加到 PATH export PATH="$PATH:$HOME/env" # 显示 PATH echo "$PATH" # 查看 pkgs 命令是否存在 type pkgs ``` 随后可以使用PKG初始化并安装两个必要的包： ```shell pkgs --update pip install kconfiglib pip install scons ``` ## 连接 使用USB线连接开发板和开发PC，并使用lsusb命令查看是否出现： ```shell lsusb Bus 001 Device 004: ID 0483:374b STMicroelectronics ST-LINK/V2.1 ``` 添加成功后可以使用这个命令来检测是否连接成功： ```shell ❯ st-info --probe Found 1 stlink programmers version: V2J35S26 serial: 0671FF373654393143244522 flash: 1048576 (pagesize: 16384) sram: 196608 chipid: 0x413 dev-type: STM32F4x5_F4x7 ``` > 如果你和我一样将Ubuntu安装在QEMU虚拟机中 ，需要在libvirt中使用Add_hardware添加usb设备。 ## 修改交叉工具链 链接成功后进入项目目录，发现``rtconfig.py``没有Linux路径，需要我们手动修改交叉工具链部分： ```python #修改 rtconfig.py # cross_tool provides the cross compiler # EXEC_PATH is the compiler execute path, for example, CodeSourcery, Keil MDK, IAR import os if CROSS_TOOL == 'gcc': PLATFORM = 'gcc' if os.name == 'nt': # Windows 平台 EXEC_PATH = r'C:\Users\XXYYZZ' else: # 修改这里 # Linux / macOS 平台 EXEC_PATH = '/usr/bin' elif CROSS_TOOL == 'keil': PLATFORM = 'armclang' # KEIL AC6 # PLATFORM = 'armcc' # KEIL AC5 EXEC_PATH = r'C:/Keil_v5' elif CROSS_TOOL == 'iar': PLATFORM = 'iccarm' EXEC_PATH = r'C:/Program Files (x86)/IAR Systems/Embedded Workbench 8.3' elif CROSS_TOOL == 'llvm-arm': PLATFORM = 'llvm-arm' if os.name == 'nt': EXEC_PATH = r'D:\Progrem\LLVMEmbeddedToolchainForArm-17.0.1-Windows-x86_64\bin' else: EXEC_PATH = '/usr/bin' ``` ## 编译 在完成以上设置之后我们可以开始编译。STM32使用scons编译系统，同样是menuconfig命令： ```shell scons --menuconfig ``` 修改配置并保存退出后即可开始编译，$(nproc)代表使用全部CPU线程来编译： ```shell scons -j$(nproc) ``` ## 烧入 编译成功后你应该会看到有一个rtthread.bin在目录下，这就是我们编译出来的系统！ 在烧入之前，我们可以备份一下原来的系统： ```shell st-flash read firmware_backup.bin 0x08000000 0x100001 ``` 随后使用如下命令烧入系统： ```shell st-flash write rtthread.bin 0x08000000 ``` ## 串口 除了USB之外我们还可以使用串口连接： ```shell sudo apt install picocom picocom -b 115200 /dev/ttyACM0 ``` 可以使用``ctrl + A 然后 ctrl + x``退出。 ## 使用Cmake 通过官方文档可以得知除了scons外还可以使用Cmake来编译. 首先找到编译器的路径，并export，我这里是Nixos的路径，如果你使用其他发行版注意修改： ```bash ❯ which arm-none-eabi-gcc /nix/store/v9p5md3d4aaqwc9i9hlaxkl7nawd9vrc-gcc-arm-embedded-14.3.rel1/bin/arm-none-eabi-gcc export RTT_EXEC_PATH=/nix/store/v9p5md3d4aaqwc9i9hlaxkl7nawd9vrc-gcc-arm-embedded-14.3.rel1/bin export RTT_CC=gcc ``` 随后使用指令``scons --target=cmake``： ```bash ❯ scons --target=cmake scons: Reading SConscript files ... Newlib version:4.5.0 Update setting files for CMakeLists.txt... Done! scons: done reading SConscript files. scons: Building targets ... scons: building associated VariantDir targets: build CC build/applications/main.o LINK rt-thread.elf arm-none-eabi-objcopy -O binary rt-thread.elf rtthread.bin arm-none-eabi-size rt-thread.elf scons: done building targets. ``` 可以看到生成CmakeLists.txt成功，随后开始构建： ```bash ❯ cd ./build ❯ cmake .. CMake Warning (dev) at CMakeLists.txt:43: Syntax Warning in cmake code at column 100 Argument not separated from preceding token by whitespace. This warning is for project developers. Use -Wno-dev to suppress it. -- The C compiler identification is GNU 14.3.1 -- The CXX compiler identification is GNU 14.3.1 -- The ASM compiler identification is GNU -- Found assembler: /nix/store/v9p5md3d4aaqwc9i9hlaxkl7nawd9vrc-gcc-arm-embedded-14.3.rel1/bin/arm-none-eabi-gcc -- Detecting C compiler ABI info -- Detecting C compiler ABI info - done -- Check for working C compiler: /nix/store/v9p5md3d4aaqwc9i9hlaxkl7nawd9vrc-gcc-arm-embedded-14.3.rel1/bin/arm-none-eabi-gcc - skipped -- Detecting C compile features -- Detecting C compile features - done -- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info -- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info - done -- Check for working CXX compiler: /nix/store/v9p5md3d4aaqwc9i9hlaxkl7nawd9vrc-gcc-arm-embedded-14.3.rel1/bin/arm-none-eabi-g++ - skipped -- Detecting CXX compile features -- Detecting CXX compile features - done -- Configuring done (0.4s) -- Generating done (0.0s) -- Build files have been written to: /home/dich/Git/sdk-bsp-stm32f407-spark/projects/02_basic_ir/build ``` 使用``make``命令编译： ```bash ❯ make [ 1%] Building C object CMakeFiles/rtthread.elf.dir/applications/main.c.obj [ 2%] Building C object CMakeFiles/rtthread.elf.dir/home/dich/Git/sdk-bsp-stm32f407-spark/rt-thread/components/libc/compilers/common/cctype.c.obj [ 3%] Building C object CMakeFiles/rtthread.elf.dir/home/dich/Git/sdk-bsp-stm32f407-spark/rt-thread/components/libc/compilers/common/cstdio.c.obj ...... [ 97%] Building C object CMakeFiles/rtthread.elf.dir/home/dich/Git/sdk-bsp-stm32f407-spark/libraries/STM32F4xx_HAL/STM32F4xx_HAL_Driver/Src/stm32f4xx_hal_tim.c.obj [ 98%] Building C object CMakeFiles/rtthread.elf.dir/home/dich/Git/sdk-bsp-stm32f407-spark/libraries/STM32F4xx_HAL/CMSIS/Device/ST/STM32F4xx/Source/Templates/system_stm32f4xx.c.obj [100%] Linking C executable rtthread.elf text data bss dec hex filename 98516 1468 8400 108384 1a760 rtthread.elf [100%] Built target rtthread.elf ``` ## 使用Renode 如果没有真实的开发版，可以使用Renode来进行仿真模拟： ```bash # 启动renode renode # 创建机器 (monitor) mach create # 加载STM32F407平台 (monitor) machine LoadPlatformDescription @platforms/boards/stm32f4_discovery.repl # 加载你的固件 (monitor) sysbus LoadELF @/你的路径/rtthread.elf # 打开串口窗口（finsh会显示在这里） (monitor) showAnalyzer sysbus.usart1 # 启动仿真 (monitor) start ``` > Renode 常用命令大全 ```bash # 机器管理 mach add "名称" # 创建新机器（指定名称） mach create # 创建新机器（自动命名） mach set "名称" # 切换到指定机器 mach set 0 # 切换到编号0的机器 mach rem "名称" # 删除机器 mach clear # 清除当前选择 mach # 显示帮助信息 emulation # 查看仿真信息 # 仿真控制 start # 启动仿真 pause # 暂停仿真 quit # 退出Renode # 帮助 help # 显示帮助 help 命令名 # 查看特定命令帮助 # 加载固件 sysbus LoadELF @/path/to/firmware.elf # 加载ELF文件 sysbus LoadBinary @/path/to/firmware.bin 0x8000000 # 加载BIN到指定地址 # 重置 sysbus Reset # 重置系统总线 machine Reset # 重置整个机器 # 读取内存 sysbus ReadByte 0x20000000 # 读1字节 sysbus ReadWord 0x20000000 # 读2字节 sysbus ReadDoubleWord 0x20000000 # 读4字节 # 写入内存 sysbus WriteByte 0x20000000 0xFF sysbus WriteWord 0x20000000 0x1234 sysbus WriteDoubleWord 0x20000000 0x12345678 # 查看内存区域 sysbus FindSymbolAt 0x08000000 # 查找地址对应的符号 # 查看GPIO端口 sysbus.gpioPortA # 设置GPIO状态 sysbus.gpioPortA.0 Set true # 设置PA0为高 sysbus.gpioPortA.0 Set false # 设置PA0为低 sysbus.gpioPortA.0 Toggle # 切换PA0状态 # 读取GPIO状态 sysbus.gpioPortA.0 State # 使用GDB调试 (monitor) machine StartGdbServer 3333 # 另一个终端 arm-none-eabi-gdb firmware.elf (gdb) target remote :3333 (gdb) load (gdb) b main (gdb) c ``` --- **Done.**