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<h1 class="post-title"><a href="https://blog.dich.bid/awesome-arch-linux/">综合工程:Arch-linux 安装与配置</a></h1>
<div class="post-meta-inline">
<span class="post-date">
2023-08-16
</span>
</div>
<span class="post-tags-inline">
:: tags:&nbsp;
<a class="post-tag" href="https://blog.dich.bid/tags/zong-he-gong-cheng/">#综合工程</a></span>
<div class="post-content">
<p>前言 Arch linux是一个轻量、灵活、滚动更新的 Linux 发行版，衍生了诸多优秀的桌面端linux。其官方Wiki更是被称为技术界的“武林秘籍”；这里介绍其安装与使用。</p>
<span id="continue-reading"></span><h2 id="an-zhuang">安装</h2>
<p>一般而言有以下几种安装方法：</p>
<ul>
<li>原版 Arch linux 的命令行安装；</li>
<li>原版 Arch linux 的脚本安装；</li>
<li>第三方发行版的图形界面安装。</li>
</ul>
<p>前两种方法较为繁琐，这里说明第三种方法：常见的Arch发行版有Garuda，Cachyos以及EndeavourOS等等。</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://cachyos.org/download/">Cachyos下载</a></li>
<li><a href="https://garudalinux.org/editions">Garuda下载</a></li>
<li><a href="https://endeavouros.com/">EndeavourOS下载</a></li>
</ul>
<p>安装方法同ubuntu一样，是基于Calamares的图形化界面安装。一般步骤为<code>选择语言（American English）--选择键盘/时区（默认/shanghai）--选择分区（xfs抹除全盘，可选全盘加密）--选择桌面环境（Gnome或KDE）--确认安装。</code></p>
<h2 id="an-zhuang-ruan-jian">安装软件</h2>
<p>随后安装常用开源软件：</p>
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span># gui
</span><span>
</span><span>paru -S alacritty zellij qemu-full virt-manager wireshark-qt floorp-bin foliate materialgram-bin legcord-bin keepassxc onlyoffice-bin kazumi-bin vlc krita qtscrcpy localsend-bin strawberry oculante obs-studio
</span><span>
</span><span># tui
</span><span>
</span><span>paru -S neovim yazi lazygit btop
</span><span>
</span><span># cli
</span><span>
</span><span>paru -S nexttrace-bin android-tools syncthing aria2 zola fastfetch onefetch starship atuin bat fzf eza tree
</span><span>
</span><span># other
</span><span>
</span><span>paru -S ttf-jetbrains-mono-nerd fcitx5-chinese-addons fcitx5-skin-material fcitx5-im fcitx5-rime npm pnpm just go wl-clipboard
</span></code></pre>
<p>安装完毕后我们开始配置输入法与字体：</p>
<p>输入法我们采用雾凇拼音，即前面我们安装的fcitx5系列软件包的一个输入方案，这里我们使用<a href="https://github.com/Mark24Code/rime-auto-deploy">自动部署脚本</a>：</p>
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span># step1: 克隆/下载 latest 最新的稳定版到本地
</span><span>git clone --depth=1 https://github.com/Mark24Code/rime-auto-deploy.git --branch latest
</span><span># step2: 进入项目目录
</span><span>cd rime-auto-deploy
</span><span># step3: 执行部署脚本
</span><span>./installer.rb
</span></code></pre>
<p>选择部署fcitx5即可，随后在设置的Input Method中Add Input Method ，选择Rime，随后默认按Ctrl+Space即可切换中文。</p>
<p>字体的配置在<a href="https://blog.dich.bid/learn-linux-for-pc-7/">Linux之旅(七):系统与终端字体设置</a>这一期说过，这里不再赘述。缺少的字体可以通过paru下载或者到<a href="https://www.miao3.cn/">喵闪字库</a>下载ttf并安装。</p>
<h2 id="tu-xing-mei-hua">图形美化</h2>
<p>安装完毕后可以看到KDE的界面较为简陋，这里给出笔者的美化配置：</p>
<ul>
<li>在设置中找到Colors&amp;Themes，分别设置为：</li>
</ul>
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>- Color：Breeze Dark
</span><span>- Application Style：Breeze
</span><span>- Plasma Style：Sweet
</span><span>- Window Decorations：Edna
</span><span>- Icons：BeautySolar
</span><span>- Cursors：Afterglow Cursors
</span><span>- Splash Screen：None
</span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>
<p>随后设置壁纸，这里给出了笔者收藏的<a href="https://github.com/Dichgrem/wallpaper.git">壁纸</a>。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>设置完成后将Dock栏的Status全部隐藏，删除间隔与空隙，删除时间，更改Memu图标，随后固定常用软件到其上。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>随后在Dock栏下新建一个空白栏，结构为数字时钟加两个空白，字体为JetBrains Mono，24小时ISO格式。最终效果如下：</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="/images/desktop.png" alt="desktop" /></p>
<h2 id="qian-yi-shu-ju">迁移数据</h2>
<p>将需要的数据迁移到Home目录下，对笔者来说是用来同步的Data文件夹以及Git工作文件夹。随后Add to Places将其固定到侧边栏，开启隐藏文件可见，将View mode改为Detail。最终效果如下：</p>
<p><img src="/images/file.png" alt="file" /></p>
<h2 id="she-zhi-ruan-jian">设置软件</h2>
<ul>
<li>配置fastfetch显示效果</li>
</ul>
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>创建配置目录：mkdir -p ~/.config/fastfetch
</span><span>创建配置文件：touch ~/.config/fastfetch/config.jsonc
</span><span>编辑该文件以添加你的自定义选项
</span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>
<p>设置GFS：参考<a href="https://blog.dich.bid/about-gfs/">乱七八糟:GFS项目考量笔记 </a>。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>设置Keepassxc/Vscodium/Electerm：导入备份好的配置文件。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>设置Matrix/Telegram：登录并在另一台设备上验证。</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>设置浏览器：导入书签备份文件（有图标）；定制工具栏，下载扩展插件，包括：</p>
</li>
</ul>
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>Dark Reader（暗黑模式）
</span><span>kiss-translator（翻译工具）
</span><span>uBlock Origin（广告拦截）
</span><span>ClearURLs（去跟踪链接）
</span><span>KeePassXC-Browser（链接Keepass）
</span><span>BookmarkHub（书签同步）
</span><span>BewlyBewly（B站美化）
</span><span>V2EX Polish（V站美化）
</span></code></pre>
<h2 id="shuang-xi-tong-tian-jia-windowsyin-dao">双系统添加Windows引导</h2>
<p>如果Grub引导菜单中没有windows选项，可以通过以下方法添加：</p>
<ul>
<li>安装 os-prober：首先确保系统中安装了 os-prober，这是一个用于检测其他操作系统的工具。</li>
</ul>
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>sudo pacman -S os-prober
</span><span>sudo os-prober
</span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>打开 /etc/default/grub 文件进行编辑：</li>
</ul>
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>sudo nano /etc/default/grub
</span><span># 确保 GRUB_DISABLE_OS_PROBER 设置为 false
</span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>保存文件并退出编辑器后，运行以下命令更新 GRUB 配置：</li>
</ul>
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>sudo grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
</span></code></pre>
<p>或者<code>手动添加</code>：</p>
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>nano /etc/grub.d/40_custom
</span></code></pre>
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>#!/bin/sh
</span><span>exec tail -n +3 $0
</span><span># This file provides an easy way to add custom menu entries. Simply type the
</span><span># menu entries you want to add after this comment. Be careful not to change
</span><span># the &#39;exec tail&#39; line above.
</span><span>menuentry &quot;Windows 11 (Manual)&quot; {
</span><span> insmod part_gpt
</span><span> insmod fat
</span><span> insmod chain
</span><span> set root=&#39;hd0,gpt1&#39;
</span><span> chainloader /EFI/Microsoft/Boot/bootmgfw.efi
</span><span>}
</span></code></pre>
<h2 id="archzhong-an-zhuang-qemuxu-ni-ji">Arch中安装QEMU虚拟机</h2>
<p>前面我们已经安装了Qemu高性能虚拟机平台和virt-manager用来管理虚拟机的图形界面，随后配置virt-manager并安装Ubuntu-server：</p>
<p>如果virt-manager报错无法找到Qemu，则：</p>
<ul>
<li>​如果 libvirtd 服务未运行，virt-manager 将无法连接到虚拟化环境。​</li>
</ul>
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>sudo systemctl start libvirtd
</span><span>sudo systemctl enable libvirtd
</span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>用户权限问题：​​将当前用户添加到 libvirt 组，以获得必要的权限。​</li>
</ul>
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>sudo usermod -aG libvirt $(whoami)
</span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>虚拟网络未激活：​virt-manager 可能无法连接到默认的虚拟网络。​</li>
</ul>
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>sudo virsh net-start default
</span></code></pre>
<p>默认网络在系统启动时自动启动，可以执行：</p>
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>sudo virsh net-autostart default
</span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>配置文件权限问题：​配置文件的权限设置可能导致访问问题。</li>
</ul>
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>sudo chown $(whoami):libvirt /var/run/libvirt/libvirt-sock
</span></code></pre>
<p>随后安装虚拟机，流程大概为<code>选择镜像和系统类型--设置CPU/内存--设置空间大小--编辑配置项--开启UEFI引导和3D加速</code>.</p>
<p><strong>开启3D加速：</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>NIC：</li>
</ul>
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>&lt;graphics type=&quot;spice&quot;&gt;
</span><span> &lt;listen type=&quot;none&quot;/&gt;
</span><span> &lt;image compression=&quot;off&quot;/&gt;
</span><span> &lt;gl enable=&quot;yes&quot; rendernode=&quot;/dev/dri/by-path/pci-0000:05:00.0-render&quot;/&gt;
</span><span>&lt;/graphics&gt;
</span><span>
</span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>video virtio：</li>
</ul>
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>&lt;video&gt;
</span><span> &lt;model type=&quot;virtio&quot; heads=&quot;1&quot; primary=&quot;yes&quot;&gt;
</span><span> &lt;acceleration accel3d=&quot;yes&quot;/&gt;
</span><span> &lt;/model&gt;
</span><span> &lt;alias name=&quot;video0&quot;/&gt;
</span><span> &lt;address type=&quot;pci&quot; domain=&quot;0x0000&quot; bus=&quot;0x00&quot; slot=&quot;0x01&quot; function=&quot;0x0&quot;/&gt;
</span><span>&lt;/video&gt;
</span></code></pre>
<p>安装完成后即可使用electerm进行SSH连接，如果无法连接，可以将Tun模式开启的"strict_route"关闭。</p>
<h2 id="geng-gai-qi-dong-nei-he-shun-xu">更改启动内核顺序</h2>
<p>如果安装了多个linux内核，可以使用以下方法调整启动顺序：</p>
<ul>
<li>使用以下命令查看内核名称：</li>
</ul>
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>ls /boot/vmlinuz*
</span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>在 /etc/default/grub 中添加或修改如下行：</li>
</ul>
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>GRUB_TOP_LEVEL=&quot;/boot/vmlinuz-linux-cachyos&quot;
</span></code></pre>
<p>需要注意，这种方法会关闭 GRUB 的“记住上次启动项”的功能。</p>
<ul>
<li>修改完 /etc/default/grub 后，记得重新生成 GRUB 配置文件：</li>
</ul>
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>sudo grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
</span></code></pre>
<p><strong>图形界面更改方法：</strong></p>
<p>可以使用grub-customizer来修改Grub，这里以ubuntu为例子：</p>
<ul>
<li>添加PPA源并更新软件列表：</li>
</ul>
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>sudo add-apt-repository ppa:danielrichter2007/grub-customizer
</span><span>sudo apt update
</span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>安装GRUB Customizer：</li>
</ul>
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>sudo apt install grub-customizer
</span></code></pre>
<p>随后在grub-customizer中将要默认启动的选项放在首位即可。</p>
<h2 id="kai-ji-zi-qi-dong">开机自启动</h2>
<p><strong>设置Syncthing开机自启动</strong></p>
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>sudo systemctl enable --now syncthing@&lt;username&gt;.service
</span></code></pre>
<h2 id="kai-qi-bbr">开启BBR</h2>
<ul>
<li>确保你的内核版本 &gt;= 4.9：</li>
</ul>
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>uname -r
</span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>启用 BBR</li>
</ul>
<p>你只需要设置两个 sysctl 参数即可：</p>
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>sudo sysctl -w net.core.default_qdisc=fq
</span><span>sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control=bbr
</span></code></pre>
<p>要让它们永久生效，把它们写入配置文件：</p>
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>sudo nano /etc/sysctl.d/99-bbr.conf
</span></code></pre>
<p>加入以下内容：</p>
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>net.core.default_qdisc = fq
</span><span>net.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control = bbr
</span></code></pre>
<p>然后重新加载配置：</p>
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>sudo sysctl --system
</span></code></pre>
<ul>
<li>验证 BBR 是否启用</li>
</ul>
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>sysctl net.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control
</span></code></pre>
<p>应该输出：</p>
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>net.ipv4.tcp_congestion_control = bbr
</span></code></pre>
<h2 id="zai-arch-linuxshang-an-zhuang-docker">在Arch Linux上安装Docker</h2>
<p>一般推荐在qemu虚拟机中安装，这里仅做示例：</p>
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>sudo pacman -S docker
</span></code></pre>
<p>安装完成后，需要启动Docker服务，并设置为开机自启：</p>
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>sudo systemctl start docker
</span><span>sudo systemctl enable docker
</span></code></pre>
<p>运行以下命令来验证Docker是否正常工作：</p>
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>sudo docker run hello-world
</span></code></pre>
<p>默认情况下，只有root用户才能运行Docker命令。为了避免每次运行Docker命令时都需要使用sudo，可以将当前用户添加到docker组：</p>
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>sudo usermod -aG docker $USER
</span></code></pre>
<p>之后，需要注销并重新登录，或者重启系统以使更改生效。</p>
<p>安装Docker Compose：</p>
<pre style="background-color:#151515;color:#e8e8d3;"><code><span>sudo pacman -S docker-compose
</span></code></pre>
<hr />
<p><strong>Done.</strong></p>
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