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<h1 class="post-title"><a href="https://blog.dich.ink/arch-install/">Arch从命令行安装</a></h1>
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<div class="post-meta-inline">
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<span class="post-date">
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2023-08-05
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</span>
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</div>
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<span class="post-tags-inline">
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:: tags:
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<a class="post-tag" href="https://blog.dich.ink/tags/arch-install/">#arch-install</a></span>
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<div class="post-content">
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<p>前言
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Arch linux是一个轻量、灵活、滚动更新的 Linux 发行版，衍生了诸多优秀的桌面端linux。其官方Wiki更是被称为技术界的“武林秘籍”；</p>
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<p>但由于该Wiki的中文版比较陈旧，安装教程不太清楚，故先以虚拟机安装Arch为例实际操作一番。</p>
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<span id="continue-reading"></span>
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<p>准备工作：需要虚拟机环境 (这里推荐使用VMware Workstation Pro) ,以及一个ISO镜像</p>
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<p>VM学习版：https://www.ahhhhfs.com/33472/</p>
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<p>官方镜像： https://geo.mirror.pkgbuild.com/iso/2023.08.01/</p>
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<p>一.新建虚拟机
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1.打开VM，文件—新建虚拟机—典型—下一步，对于硬盘要求建议至少20G，作为后续分区使用；CPU及内存根据实际需求分配，一般取半数。</p>
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<p>注意：完成后需先在编辑虚拟机设置—选项中设置引导为UEFI，否则会导致奇怪的Boot问题。</p>
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<p>2.开启此虚拟机，随后进入界面，回车，跑码后进入tty1。</p>
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<p>二.联网并分区
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1.使用 dhcpcd 命令获取IP地址，由于虚拟机使用NAT故联网容易。</p>
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<p>2.使用 ping www.baidu.com 命令检查是否联网，若出现ttl,time=xx ms等数据说明成功，随后再 Ctrl+C 停止命令运行，避免百度被DDOS攻击死掉。</p>
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<p>3.使用 timedatectl set-ntp true 命令更新系统时间，该命令无输出，正所谓无事发生就是最好的。</p>
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<p>4.使用 fdisk -l 命令查看系统分区，由于虚拟机的存在只会显示一块硬盘。</p>
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<p>5.接下来是Arch安装中较难的一部分，以20G硬盘空间为例，我们需要划分出512MB的引导分区，15G的根分区以及5G左右的交换分区。由于纯命令行分区比较繁琐，这里使用 cfdisk 命令打开分区工具。</p>
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<p>回车选择gpt类型，可以看到如下界面：</p>
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<p>使用左右方向键移动至New,新建一个分区，大小为512MB,回车确认，并移动至type将其类型改为EFI system，随后如法炮制，建立根分区（类型为linux filesystem）和交换分区（linux swap）。</p>
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<p>注意：上诉操作完成后需在Write中选择yes,否则无法保存分区，随后quit回到命令行。</p>
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<p>6.分区结束后分别对其进行格式化，命令为</p>
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<p>mkfs.fat -F32 /dev/sda1</p>
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<p>mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda2</p>
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<p>mkswap -f /dev/sda3
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注意不同分区类型与格式所用命令不同。</p>
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<p>7.格式完成后进行挂载，使用如下命令：</p>
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<p>swapon /dev/sda3</p>
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<p>mount /dev/sda2 /mnt</p>
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<p>mkdir /dev/sda2 /mnt/home</p>
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<p>ls /mnt</p>
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<p>mkdir /mnt/boot</p>
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<p>mkdir /mnt/boot/EFI</p>
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<p>mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/boot/EFI</p>
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<p>ls /mnt
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完成后即可开始组件下载。</p>
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<p>三.安装基本组件
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1.使用大名鼎鼎的vim编辑器，将下载镜像源改为国内，提高下载速度</p>
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<p>vim /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist</p>
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<p>推荐使用清华源，在首行中改为如下命令：</p>
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<p><span class="line">Server = http://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/archlinux/$repo/os/$arch</span>
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随后ESC，: wq保存退出。</p>
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<p>2.安装基本包，使用命令</p>
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<p>pacstrap /mnt base base-devel linux linux-firmware dhcpcd
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一路回车下载。</p>
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<p>3.生成fstab文件 ，使用命令</p>
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<p>genfstab -U /mnt > /mnt/etc/fstab
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自动挂载分区，并用</p>
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<p>cat /mnt/etc/fstab
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观察分区情况。</p>
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<p>4.使用arch-chroot /mnt命令切换至系统环境下，此时可以设置时区，语言和主机名（hostname）。</p>
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<p>设置上海为系统时区：</p>
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<p>ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Shanghai /etc/localtime
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设置主机名：vim /etc/hostname，写入任意你想要的名字。随后在vim /etc/hosts中输入如下内容，将name改为主机名。</p>
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<p>127.0.0.1 localhost</p>
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<p>::1 localhost</p>
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<p>127.0.1.1 name.localdomain name
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设置语言： 使用vim /etc/locale.gen命令去掉 en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8 以及 zh_CN.UTF-8 UTF-8 行前的注释符号，并用locale-gen生成新locale，用</p>
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<p>echo 'LANG=en_US.UTF-8' > /etc/locale.conf
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命令确认输出。</p>
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<p>4.设置root密码：使用passwd命令，设置并重复密码。</p>
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<p>5.安装微码：根据硬件选择命令：</p>
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<p>pacman -S intel-ucode # Intel</p>
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<p>pacman -S amd-ucode # AMD
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6.安装引导程序：pacman -S grub efibootmgr os-prober与GRUB：</p>
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<p>grub-install --target=x86_64-efi --efi-directory=/boot --bootloader-id=ARCH
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生成配置文件：grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg</p>
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<p>7.退出并重启虚拟机：</p>
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<p>exit # 退回安装环境</p>
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<p>umount -R /mnt # 卸载新分区</p>
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<p>reboot # 重启
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若成功进入登录界面即为成功，可使用neofetch命令打印系统信息。</p>
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<p>四.安装图形界面
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为便于在虚拟机中操作，我们可以安装KDE-plasma，Xfce等桌面环境。</p>
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<p>1.使用dhcpcd获得地址。</p>
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<p>2.新建普通用户</p>
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<p>useradd -m -G wheel username #替换username为你的用户名
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并设置密码passwd username 。</p>
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<p>3.配置Sudo,使用pacman -S sudo安装并在</p>
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<p>ln -s /usr/bin/vim /usr/bin/vivisudo
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中删除 %wheel ALL=(ALL)ALL 前的注释符。</p>
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<p>4.reboot后开始安装驱动。由于NVIDIA fuck you 众所周知的原因，独显驱动比较难以安装，建议先只上核显。</p>
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<p>以此为例，若为AMD核显，命令为</p>
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<p>sudo pacman -S xf86-video-amdgpu
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OpenGL和mesa:</p>
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<p>sudo pacman -S mesa xf86-video-amdgpu vulkan-radeon libva-mesa-driver mesa-vdpau</p>
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<p>sudo pacman -S opencl-mesa lib32-vulkan-radeon lib32-mesa
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5.使用命令</p>
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<p>pacman -S plasma-meta konsole dolphin
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安装KDE组件。</p>
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<p>6.开启sddm守护进程：</p>
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<p>systemctl enable sddm</p>
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<p>systemctl start sddm
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7.reboot后进入桌面环境，安装完成。</p>
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<p>后记
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设备的多样导致安装中可能会出现一些奇怪的问题，需要自行搜索学习，以不断提高技术水平。</p>
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<span>©
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2024
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Dichgrem</span>
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